C++ Part 42

Review Part V
Local Variables
Variables that are declared within the body of a function definition are
said to be local to that function or to have that function as their scope.
Variables that are declared within the main part of the program are said to
be local to the main part of the program or to have the main part of the
program as their scope. When we say that a variable is a local variable
without any mention of a function and without any mention of the main
part of the program, we mean that the variable is local to some function
definition. If a variable is local to a function, then you can have another
variable with the same name that is declared in the main part of the
program or in another function definition, and these will be two different
variables, even though they have the same name.

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Overloading a Function Name
If you have two or more function definitions for the same function name,
that is called overloading. When you overload a function name, the
function definitions must have different numbers of formal parameters or
some formal parameters of different types. When there is a function call,
the compiler uses the function definition whose number of formal
parameters and types of formal parameters match the arguments in the
function call.

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Call-by-Reference
To make a formal parameter a call-by-reference parameter, append the
ampersand sign & to its type name. The corresponding argument in a call
to the function should then be a variable, not a constant or other
expression.
When the function is called, the corresponding variable argument
(not its value) will be substituted for the formal parameter. Any
change made to the formal parameter in the function body will be made
to the argument variable when the function is called. The exact details of
the substitution mechanisms are given in the text of this chapter.
EXAMPLE
(OF CALL-BY-REFERENCE PARAMETERS IN A FUNCTION
DECLARATION):
void get_data(int& first_in, double& second_in);

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Both void functions and functions that return a value can have return
statements. In the case of a function that returns a value, the return statement
specifies the value returned. In the case of a void function, the return
statement simply ends the function call.

C++ Part 41

Review Part IV

Function Call
A function call is an expression consisting of the function name followed
by arguments enclosed in parentheses. If there is more than one argument,
the arguments are separated by commas. A function call is an expression
that can be used like any other expression of the type specified for the
value returned by the function.
SYNTAX
Function_Name(Argument_List)
where the Argument_List is a comma-separated list of arguments:
Argument_1, Argument_2, . . . , Argument_Last
EXAMPLES
side = sqrt(area);
cout << "2.5 to the power 3.0 is " << pow(2.5, 3.0);

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A Function to Convert from int to double
The notation static_cast can be used as a predefined function
and will convert a value of some other type to a value of type double. For
example, static_cast(2) returns 2.0. This is called type casting.
(Type casting can be done with types other than double, but until later in
this book, we will do type casting only with the type double.)
SYNTAX
static_cast(Expression_of_Type_int)
EXAMPLE
int total_pot, number_of_winners;
double your_winnings;
. . .
your_winnings =
static_cast(total_pot)/number_of_winners;

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Function Declaration
A function declaration tells you all you need to know to write a call to the
function. A function declaration is required to appear in your code prior to
a call to a function whose definition has not yet appeared. Function
declarations are normally placed before the main part of your program.
SYNTAX
Type_Returned Function_Name(Parameter_List);
Function_Declaration_Comment
where the Parameter_List is a comma-separated list of parameters:
Type_1 Formal_Parameter_1, Type_2 Formal_Parameter_2,...
..., Type_Last Formal_Parameter_Last
Example
double total_weight(int number, double weight_of_one);
//Returns the total weight of number items that
//each weigh weight_of_one.

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A Function Is Like a Small Program
To understand functions, keep the following three points in mind:
■ A function definition is like a small program and calling the function is the
same thing as running this “small program.”
■ A function uses formal parameters, rather than cin, for input. The arguments to
the function are the input and they are plugged in for the formal parameters.
■ A function (of the kind discussed in this chapter) does not normally send any output
to the screen, but it does send a kind of “output” back to the program. The
function returns a value, which is like the “output” for the function. The function
uses a return statement instead of a cout statement for this “output.”

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Procedural Abstraction
When applied to a function definition, the principle of procedural
abstraction means that your function should be written so that it can be
used like a black box. This means that the programmer who uses the
function should not need to look at the body of the function definition to
see how the function works. The function declaration and the accompanying
comment should be all the programmer needs to know in order to use
the function. To ensure that your function definitions have this important
property, you should strictly adhere to the following rules:
HOW TO WRITE A BLACK-BOX FUNCTION DEFINITION (THAT RETURNS
A VALUE)
■ The function declaration comment should tell the programmer any and all conditions
that are required of the arguments to the function and should describe
the value that is returned by the function when called with these arguments.
■ All variables used in the function body should be declared in the function body.
(The formal parameters do not need to be declared, because they are listed in
the function declaration.)

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Make a Loop Body a Function Call
Whenever you have a loop nested within a loop, or any other complex
computation included in a loop body, make the loop body a function call.
This way you can separate the design of the loop body from the design of
the rest of the program. This divides your programming task into two
smaller subtasks.

C++ Part 27

Rand Function

The C++ library with header file <cstdlib> contains a random number function
named rand. Rand function is making a Random number; however, the output is not completely random and mix the output with time function to receive a complete random number.

For example to make a random number between 0 to 10 (less than 10 ) you can use this method:

int i; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout << rand( ) << endl;

A sequence of pseudorandom numbers is usually determined by one number known
as the seed.
Example 2 :

For this example I seed the srand with a number 99 . It can be any number , but usually mixing srand function with a current time will help to find a better random number.

int i; srand(99); for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout << (rand( ) % 11) << endl; srand(99); for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout << (rand( ) % 11) << endl;

C++ Part 26

Void Functions

A void function performs some action, but does not return a value. For a void function, a function
invocation (function call) is a statement that can be used like any other C++ statement.

Example :

// void function example by NavidPlus.BlogSpot.com #include <iostream> using namespace std; void printmessage () {  cout << "This message is created by NavidPlus!"; } int main () {  printmessage (); }

Intro to C++ Part 12

• How Do I Start a Program? 

1.  Identify inputs and outputs.
2. Understand what you asked for ( Ask Questions ).
3. Break the program down. // Functions
4. into steps, writing each step in pseudocode English.
5.  Replace each pseudocode step with C++ codes.